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Septic emboli, a common complication of infective endocarditis, are a result of the fact that:


A) vegetations are loosely attached and fragile.
B) the valves are no longer competent.
C) cardiac output is reduced.
D) heart contractions are irregular.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Shock is defined as:


A) failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells.
B) general hypoxia, causing damage to various organs.
C) decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion.
D) loss of blood, causing severe hypoxia.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Neurogenic (vasogenic) shock results from systemic vasodilation due to:


A) increased peripheral resistance and less blood in the microcirculation.
B) increased permeability of all the blood vessels, leading to hypovolemia.
C) slower, less forceful cardiac contractions.
D) increased capacity of the vascular system and reduced venous return.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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The cardiac reserve is:


A) afterload.
B) the difference between the apical and radial pulses.
C) the ability of the heart to increase cardiac output when needed.
D) the extra blood remaining in the heart after it contracts.

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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A source of an embolus causing an obstruction in the brain could be the:


A) femoral vein.
B) pulmonary vein.
C) carotid artery.
D) coronary artery.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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