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A confounding variable is problematic for an experimental design because it:


A) increases the variability in the data.
B) increases the internal reactivity of the experiment.
C) makes possible alternative explanations for the results.
D) eliminates alternative explanations for the results.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Wendy wants to know if a new sports drink improves physical performance.The number of push-ups each participant can complete in one minute is recorded first.The participants are then given eight ounces of the sports drink,and the number of push-ups completed in one minute is recorded again.Wendy finds that the number of push-ups completed is less after consuming the new sports drink.This finding is likely the result of a _____ effect.


A) reactive
B) practice
C) fatigue
D) carryover

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Nada designs a study in which she has two control and two experimental groups.In the design,one control group and one experimental group receive a pretest each,while the other control group and experimental group do not.Nada's design is an example of a _____ design.


A) four-group pretest-posttest
B) Solomon four-group
C) two-group control
D) one-group control-one-group experimental

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Failure to control some extraneous variables is likely to result in a(n) _____ variable.


A) random
B) confounding
C) systematic
D) operational

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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_____ is a process for controlling order effects with all possible order conditions.


A) Elimination
B) Randomization
C) Counterbalancing
D) Latin square

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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