Question 1

According to psychologists, memory is a _____-part component process.

Accepted Answer

A)   two
B)   three
C)   four
D)   fiveE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

Accepted Answer

A)   storage
B)   retrieval
C)   top-down processing
D)   encodingE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 3

According to the text, estimates of time during the course of a stressful event are _____ the actual length of the event.

Accepted Answer

A)   about half of
B)   almost twice
C)   three to four times
D)   over ten timesE) All of the above
F) B) and C) C

Question 4

In the construction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortion may take place as we try to retrieve that memory. The following is NOT TRUE about this process:

Accepted Answer

A)   With encoding, we may select only some aspects of the event when forming the memory.
B)   Memory traces deteriorate with time passing.
C)   Various sounds encoded when processing a memory are easy to retrieve.
D)   Distortions of memories can occur during the process of retrieval.E) All of the above
F) B) and D) C

Question 5

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   retrieval inhibition.
B)   scripts.
C)   own-race bias.
D)   unconscious transference.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 6

Cross-race effect has been shown to be consistently strong:

Accepted Answer

A)   regardless of exposure to races other than one's own.
B)   despite special training intended to reduce it.
C)   for people of different ages.
D)   for those from bi-racial families.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

The maintenance of information over time within the brain is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   storage.
B)   retrieval.
C)   encoding.
D)   processing.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their racial group than those outside their own racial group is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   the cross-race effect.
B)   the meta-analysis effect.
C)   the same-race effect.
D)   prejudice.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 9

_____ is the part of the memory process that involves accessing and pulling out stored information at a later time.

Accepted Answer

A)   Storage
B)   Retrieval
C)   Encoding
D)   PrimingE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 10

The process of having an eyewitness looking at one person or photograph at a time is referred to as _____ lineups.

Accepted Answer

A)   simultaneous
B)   coinciding
C)   sequential
D)   consequentialE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

When the eyewitness is a child, it is likely that the accuracy of information they can provide is _____ that provided by an adult.

Accepted Answer

A)   more accurate compared to
B)   less accurate compared to
C)   as accurate as.
D)   more likely to be impacted by retrieval inhibition thanE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 12

The memory process is often described as having the following component(s) :

Accepted Answer

A)   encoding, storage, retrieval.
B)   storage, retrieval, identification.
C)   retrieval, storage, processing.
D)   processing, encoding, storage.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D) A

Question 13

Cross-racial identifications are generally _____ accurate than/as same-race identifications.

Accepted Answer

A)   somewhat more
B)   less
C)   as
D)   a great deal moreE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 14

Memory is not a perfect procedure. Errors can take place at any given point in the process and memories may not last forever. _____ is the term used to describe the biochemical representation of our experiences within the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)   Heuristics
B)   Bottom-up processing
C)   Top-down processing
D)   Memory traceE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

Cognitive dissonance may best be described as:

Accepted Answer

A)   an uncomfortable feeling when someone has conflicting thoughts.
B)   a tendency to maintain a course of action.
C)   a tendency to become less certain of your opinion.
D)   an uncomfortable feeling when someone is positive of being right.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

The Manson criteria, emphasized by courts, consist of five factors to be taken into account when evaluating eyewitness identification accuracy. The following factor was clearly disproven by research:

Accepted Answer

A)   the level of attention the witness was paying to what was going on.
B)   the level of confidence the witness is exhibiting about his or her memory of the event.
C)   the amount of time between the crime and identification event.
D)   the accuracy of the witness's previous descriptions of the event or perpetrator.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Research is an important part of understanding how eyewitness accounts are derived. As such, a range of factors are often considered. Those factors that are within the control of the justice system are:

Accepted Answer

A)   system variables.
B)   dependent variables.
C)   independent variables.
D)   estimator variables.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Individuals often _____ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n)  _____ event.

Accepted Answer

A)   underestimate; stressful
B)   overestimate; stressful
C)   underestimate; interesting
D)   overestimate; interestingE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 19

Alternative suspects in the lineup or photo spread are called:

Accepted Answer

A)   accomplices.
B)   fillers.
C)   co-defendants.
D)   bystanders.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

According to a study completed by Morgan and his colleagues (2004) , stress appears to have an effect on eyewitness identification. Based on the results found, the rate of correct identification was _____ in low-stress conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)   higher
B)   lower
C)   similar
D)   None of the above is correct about eyewitness identification.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Exam 7: Section 2: Eyewitness Identification and Testimony

According to psychologists, memory is a _____-part component process.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, estimates of time during the course of a stressful event are _____ the actual length of the event.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

In the construction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortion may take place as we try to retrieve that memory. The following is NOT TRUE about this process:

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The reassignment of a face that is familiar from another context to the scene of a crime is referred to as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cross-race effect has been shown to be consistently strong:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The maintenance of information over time within the brain is referred to as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tendency of people to be better able to recognize faces of those within their racial group than those outside their own racial group is referred to as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ is the part of the memory process that involves accessing and pulling out stored information at a later time.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process of having an eyewitness looking at one person or photograph at a time is referred to as _____ lineups.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the eyewitness is a child, it is likely that the accuracy of information they can provide is _____ that provided by an adult.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The memory process is often described as having the following component(s) :

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Cross-racial identifications are generally _____ accurate than/as same-race identifications.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Memory is not a perfect procedure. Errors can take place at any given point in the process and memories may not last forever. _____ is the term used to describe the biochemical representation of our experiences within the brain.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cognitive dissonance may best be described as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Manson criteria, emphasized by courts, consist of five factors to be taken into account when evaluating eyewitness identification accuracy. The following factor was clearly disproven by research:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research is an important part of understanding how eyewitness accounts are derived. As such, a range of factors are often considered. Those factors that are within the control of the justice system are:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Individuals often _____ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _____ event.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alternative suspects in the lineup or photo spread are called:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to a study completed by Morgan and his colleagues (2004) , stress appears to have an effect on eyewitness identification. Based on the results found, the rate of correct identification was _____ in low-stress conditions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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A

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Individuals often _ the duration of a brief event, especially if it is a(n) _ event.

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