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Which one of the following descriptions best illustrates a trait theory of motivation?


A) "Did you see that big grin on Maurice's face when the principal announced that he was the winner of the essay contest?"
B) "Jane is always putting herself in dangerous situations. Maybe she likes the adrenaline rush that comes with living on the edge."
C) "Half of the time, Chloe seems bored with what's going on in class. I've tried everything I can think of to motivate her, but so far nothing's worked."
D) "Morey is really struggling with his reading, and his spelling is atrocious. I wonder if he has an undiagnosed learning disability."

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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While working on a series of math problems, Kate stops after each problem to ask her teacher, "Did I do this right?" or "Is this one OK?" With this information in mind, which one of the following is most likely to be true about Kate?


A) She has a high need for a sense of identity.
B) She has a high need for approval.
C) She has a high need for achievement.
D) She has a high motive to avoid failure.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which one of the following is the best example of state anxiety rather than trait anxiety?


A) Thea is often nervous in math class, where she rarely participates unless her teacher specifically calls on her. She sits quietly at her desk and doesn't interact with her classmates because she finds it hard to do so without shaking.
B) Urie is an excellent student, but he has considerable trouble speaking to others in any of his classes. He performs very well on tests and other written work, but he gets exceptionally anxious during group work and oral reports.
C) Viola becomes nervous when she has to give a presentation in front of her English class. This is the first time she has ever had to do something like this and she doesn't know how well she will do.
D) Wendell becomes nervous whenever he has to take any kind of paper-pencil test, even when he knows what questions are going to be on the test and is thoroughly prepared.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Luis suffers from extreme test anxiety. Three of the statements below probably describe Luis. Which one does not?


A) As he takes a test, he looks closely and carefully at the wording of each test question.
B) He has trouble thinking clearly about how to answer each question.
C) He is more worried than his classmates about how his teacher will evaluate his performance.
D) He gets lower test scores than his classmates, even though he knows the material as well as they do.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Which one of the following teaching strategies is most likely to increase students' sense of autonomy?


A) Mr. Aas reminds his students that they can't participate in the school's extracurricular sports program if their grade-point-averages fall below 2.0.
B) Ms. Brown asks her third graders to develop some class rules to ensure that all class members will have a chance to express their ideas openly.
C) Mr. Cranwell tells his middle school students that good writing skills are important in the business world.
D) Mr. Diaz gives his students enough practice with basic arithmetic facts that they learn them to a level of automaticity.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Describe the five needs in Maslow's hierarchy. Give examples of how individuals with each need might behave.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory ...

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Vance is quite surprised to hear that his friend Adam has been caught shoplifting, as he has always thought of Adam as someone who is honest, law-abiding, and respectful of others' rights and possessions. "There must be a logical explanation for why Adam was seen shoplifting," Vance thinks to himself, "and I won't rest until I find out what it is." Vance's motivation can best be explained using the concept of:


A) cognitive dissonance
B) state anxiety
C) need for relatedness
D) optimal level of arousal

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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